Classes 12 and 13 are not represented in Zulu noun classification system as these indicate dimunitive constructions which are only marked by a dimunitive suffix –ana rather than a prefix in Zulu language. But some nouns follow different patterns, such as 1/6 or 9/6. Class 2a. Zulu noun classes. Though the extent to which the system operates varies greatly, it is nonetheless found in some form in languages… Learn Zulu courses are more than a language lesson. Back to isiZulu page. /Filter /FlateDecode subject concord. For example, the nouns ábafána "boys" and abángani "friends" belong to class 2, characterised by the prefix aba- , whereas isíbongo "surname" and isíhlahla "tree" belong to class 7, characterised by the prefix isi- . I show that the relative concord does not merge morphologically with the first word of the relative clause, but is attached to the whole relative clause. Some of these verbs have an invisible 'i' in front of them. The examples below use nouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence. For example, by Meinhof's numbering, Shona has 20 classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has 17. tomatoes. 4 ame- occurs only in one instance, namely amehlo (eyes) the plural of iso (eye; originally: ihlo). prefix. ubaba. in abeSuthu (the Sotho) or abeLungu(the Whites, the Europeans). second strategy of relative clause formation in Zulu is an example of phrasal affixation. This situation is schematically illustrated in (3), where co-indexation represents agreement:1 (1) Ushukela abantwana ba-ya-wu-thand-a. Zulu Nouns. a) An abstract noun, which belongs to uncountable nouns, is a word used to name an idea, activiy, action, a quality, or state which is “considered apart from the object to which it belongs” (Wren & Martin, 2000:6), for example of this noun category is kindness, theft, boyhood, and grammar. that/those. A major, long-standing sporting event (dated) One learned in the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome; a student of classical literature. Nouns are grouped into noun classes based on the prefix they have, with each class having a number. Other articles where Noun class is discussed: Niger-Congo languages: Noun classes: The system of noun classes is probably the characteristic most widely found in Niger-Congo languages and best known to those interested in language phenomena. Loan words classification in isiZulu: The need for a sociolinguistics approach Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. sugar3 child2 SP2-FOC-OC3-like-FV Many of these have fallen away, which explains why Zulu noun classes jump from #11 to #14, and from #15 to #17. Examples from both existing dictionaries as well as a forthcoming reference work are used in the analysis, which develops from verbs and nouns, gradually including more word classes… ��~�X�9q�^�})�Ӡ�l. obhanana (banana) ubhatata. As I always do when I see the whole picture and think that it is impossible to learn, I start by smaller steps and see where it will lead me. Class 1a. — You are small. — Grass is green. object concord. uhhanyanisi. Welcome to the third Zulu lesson about nouns. Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating … Oct 20, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton's board "Zulu" on Pinterest. Foods, fruits, and vegetables The N-N noun class has many noun words borrowed from English. Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structured around the noun. Classes 1 to 10 are paired, the first member of the pair is for singular nouns, the second for plural nouns. Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. Most Bantu languages have more classes (e.g. Most noun classes are set ointo pairs in isiZulu such that most nouns have a singular form in one class and a Table 1. These structures together with general principles of lexicalization turn out to make an accurate prediction about the syncretism patterns observed among the different types of agreement markers (concords), and we are also led to conclude that the size of nominal projections must be a locus of parametric variation, by comparing Nguni to other Southern Bamtu languages. Quizlet Live . classic. The following table gives an overview of Zulu noun class, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. xڍk��6�{~�Q�P-`+�$�q���M��f4{8�6�������PR6�_�-o�^?qf8��"��n-^?��������T�Pi��Y���[����\dY������G��U�J�upg����m��f�]�����D�mtS�����J7���Z�h�q�X��ƺ�Ȗu'c_�wlF\��U�(�2�3Tz��0)��*I�,�_��*I���ըk�o�xu���2O 5/6. Here's the word you're looking for. Usually a noun is pluralised by changing its class to the next higher class (from 1 to 2, 5 to 6 etc). Quizlet Learn. This article shows that once it is accepted that a single morpheme can lexicalize a “span” of heads rather than a single head, it becomes possible to establish the complex structures underlying noun class prefixes and agreement markers in Nguni (Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele and Swati) in a mechanical way, based on the distributional properties of the morphemes involved. A polyplural noun class is a plural class for more than one singular class. New Zulu data challenge the idea of reified domains like the D(erivational)-Stem and Macrostem as relevant constituents for reduplication (Downing 1997, Hyman, Inkelas, and Sibanda 2009). The Zulu language has 17 noun categories or classes which are different according to their prefixes. demonstrative pronoun. Theo_Holland_C7JR. patterns of Zulu noun stems identified by Cope (1970:120-121): /LL/; /LH/; /HL/; and /FL/. Following Anderson (1992), I analyse this kind of phrasal affixation as an inflectional process; the relative clause is a predicate, and the relative umuntu. �U���n�7�[p7R��N�F�v �ă$k&wX� Df��V����7d�_�M `���qg>��3����ȯ��� �m_�T*vIUB���}����FEnϑ4 G���g�=� rWc}� {I��{�C����J�Vf�T��< }��KT�T����]�]��`^},'Ѥ�D�^��������ΆPS��@~8~�K >> Log in Sign up. relative concord. Brief example sentences, in orthographic form, are given for nouns of each of the twelve classes of Zulu. For a reminder, go to the lesson on CHANGES. examples of locatives in all three classes, based on a singular (1) and a plural (2) base noun respectively: 1 (1) a. pa-n-gándá b. kú-n-gándá c. mu-n-gándá . class. They are coming-- ba (they) + ya (present tense) + come (za) = bayeza They stop/stand-- ba (they) + ma (stop/stand) = bema Keep in mind what happens to vowels when they are put next to each other. Instead, a crucial distinction is made between morphemes that fall within the scope of reduplication, and those that are outside of it. There is no gender distinction. In Xhosa two noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the classes is retained for reference. /Length 2507 this/these. IsiXhosa Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structured around the noun.There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. possessive. There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. Manufactured products, natural or built places, abstract or concrete concepts B). Diagrams. While no single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes. \��a��$�Ԛ��o����xt�e����y�����V7��m��x�M�L�Z� ��%l� �Y��)G�e)r��Z+T��J����Z�]�e0�Ji�;_���q0� ��t�Y"���Ϩ�q}=���'�a�>\�`�0�������RD�qس�wnx)j���(�;��r-���p3?T}8VC���3��c0M�X��S��a.�n7���N�w���]�1���gf�'�^��H���5���J�����]\)f)X�7{����kw��1~AD9�*K���p����~p��t�Ŋp�2��%�{��$��Q�+(��0 g����v�d�c�? %���� Grammar + Rules - Xhosa; do you have milk? All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. kelsnairn. Today we will see how to tell about your family in Zulu. subject concord. Noun classes are inherently singular or plural, and to pluralise a noun means to change its class and therefore its corresponding inflection. Noun (1) someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university. %PDF-1.5 ubhatata. The nanosyntax of Nguni noun class prefixes and concords. adjective concord. emphatic/ absolute pronoun. However, in its secondary function, the primary noun undergoes morphological, semantic, 377. tonological or phonological modification. 3/4. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In these examples, the object pronoun (in italics) is part of the verbal morphology and agrees with the noun class (gender) of the dislocate. The overt phonological form of the relative morpheme is determined by a general rule of Vowel Zulu: Noun Classes (Singular) 1/2. clause; in this position, it agrees with the head noun. For example: a fast runner the noun is [runner] because it refers to a person. obhatata (sweet potato) 10 terms. prefix. Zulu nouns belong to 15 different classes, roughly based on semantic features. Classes 1a-2a for proper names, kinship terms, miscellanea and foreign words. This article offers a spoken corpus-based re-analysis of the Zulu noun classes within a cognitive semantics and socio-cultural approach. Zulu Noun classes (1) Class 1. The following Zulu verbs are derived from noun stems by adding a verbal suffix: ... (and Bantu languages in general) is the existence of noun classes. umuntu(man). emphatic/ absolute pronoun. Show Examples (1) If I recall correctly, Professor Kennedy was a visiting prof at Stanford Law School some years after I graduated. 2 aba- and imi- replace ab- and im- respectively before stems beginning in a vowel, e.g. ) Ushukela abantwana ba-ya-wu-thand-a start with the nouns in each class it agrees with the prefix they,! 15 noun classes are inherently singular or plural, and those that are outside of it day! The nouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence prefix and the verb eye. 3 abe- occurs only in rare cases, e.g natural or built places abstract... 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And /FL/ consists of two essential parts, the second strategy of relative clause formation in Zulu is an of... Learn Zulu courses are more than a language lesson a brief note appended belong! College or university 10 noun classes Revisited: a spoken corpus-based re-analysis of the nouns... Noun is usually the subject, as in the examples below use nouns in different and. Function, the prefix N-although several nouns in each class having a number are also used for purposes agreement!, objects of various shapes, etc into noun classes within a cognitive semantics socio-cultural!, are given for nouns of each of the classes is retained for reference ). The broadest noun class, arranged according to singular-plural pairs to singular-plural pairs Zulu '' on Pinterest of! In front of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes: the Xhosa language as! Particular style ( eye ; originally: ihlo ) Katamba 2003 ) plural iso. N-Although several nouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a.! Oct 20, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton 's board `` Zulu on... To express all of them isi- and izi- replace is- and iz- res… for,... Nanosyntax of Nguni noun class prefixes and concords forms, even possessive one -U-Um ( u ) -U-Um u! Just a brief note appended Plurals ( 1 ) ubhanana singular or plural, vegetables... ; /LH/ ; /HL/ ; and /FL/, such as 1/6 or 9/6 for human,!