); Coupez, A., Bastin, Y., and Mumba, E. 1998. The adverbs indicating "here," "there," and "yonder" are simply class 18 demonstrative pronouns, using class 18 concords (instead of the more usual class 15 concords used by the three locative classes). Each complete word in the Sesotho language must comprise some "part of speech.". Qualificative pronouns are qualificatives used substantivally in a sentence. Examples: This/that agrs-worry-perf teacher: Mpho has been left behind in the races. There are four functions of conjunctives: Interjectives are isolated words or groups of words of an exclamatory nature, used to express emotion, or for the purpose of calling attention, giving commands, or conveying assent or dissent. emphatic/ absolute pronoun. The numbers 2 to 5 belong to this category. Pages: 67. Aubuti o batla ho kganna koloi ya ka. It is this verb which carries all forms of inflexion on behalf of the ideophone. They are 2nd. Motswalle o palama baesekele. Other parts of speech unchanged in form but used as conjunctives, Inflected forms of conjunctives and other parts of speech, and. ... 2006:24). indicate a quantity of a noun. Its has no absolute form because absolute pronouns denote only animate possession. Translated into isiZulu, either a subject concord (SC) or object concord (OC) is used. The second form has tone pattern [ ¯ ¯ ] and is formed by suffixing -na to the relative concord (the exception being class 1(a) enwa, but it appears as ona in non-standard speech). Note that for Morekisi o rekisa dieta tsohle. also determined by the noun class. that/those. - e mebe ugly (05) (adj.) Sesotho numbers. The first two rules do not use any verbs (the zero copula) using only changes in tone and/or the copulative formative [kʼɪ] ke-. Mo- o wona wona o 4. The possessive pronouns are my, our, your, his, her, its, and their.There’s also an “independent” form of each of these pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, and theirs.Possessive pronouns are never spelled with apostrophes. When the absolute pronoun is use pre-nominally it has the function of specifying or emphasising the noun as in the examples in (1) below; when the absolute pronoun is used after the noun it has the function of contrasting the noun, as in the examples in (2) below: The concord may also be used with demonstrative and qualificative pronouns. The following forms of pronouns The use of this term in Bantu linguistics means "formatives placed in the middle of a word" and not the more common "formatives placed in the middle of a, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sotho_parts_of_speech&oldid=963610475, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The orthography used in this and related articles is that of. persons may be used. (I want that bread.) The subject concord can be used to Absolute pronouns emphasize possessors and are used quite seldom. (I see them.). Thus linking this use of the prefix with the Bantu class 17 (Proto-Bantu *ku-). It is also possible to reconstruct a similar (historical) process for the modern adjective [xut͡sʰʷɑnɪ] -kgutshwane ('short'): cf. Morphemes are glossed as follows: abs ¼ absolute pronoun; apl ¼ applicative; dem ¼ demonstrative pronoun; foc ¼ focus; neg ¼ negative affix, oc ¼ object clitic; pc ¼ pronominal clitic; poss ¼ possessive; rel ¼ relative marker; rs ¼ relati-vising suffix; sg ¼ singular; sp ¼ subject prefix; tns ¼ Tense. Locatives (place). This verb is inceptive and (when used as a transitive verb) means "become" (not "is", which is indicated by the direct non-verbal copulative). young +++adjective (younger, youngest):-sha; -ncane l Because so many adults have passed away, youngpeople and even children are forced to head up households. Place names. - o mobe ugly (04) (adj.) Therefore, Demuth & Harford (1999) and Harford & Demuth (1999) analyse this The negative of this is ha ho na. Please … (She sees this man.) They are basically formed when a qualificative is used without the substantive, or if it appears before the substantive.[5]. This is again determined by the noun class. These are the rules for forming the locative from nouns: While ho- is used to mean "at", its possessive form ha- is used to indicate "at the place of", Locatives may be formed from pronouns (except the quantitative) by prefixing ho- and its possessive form ha-. and 2nd. Sesotho are similar to Northern Sotho in form (cf. Possession is shown by Possessive Adjective also. nouns or pronouns to indicate possession. The construction is possessee, concord + possessor. Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar ... passive past past subjunctive perfect pers person phon plural position possessive potential preceded predicate prefix present pronouns qualificative reference relative root Rule sentence significance simple sing singular Southern Sotho speak stem Subj subjectival concord subjunctive substantive suffix syllable tense tive tone usually verb stem verbal village vowel . object concord. The second form has tone pattern [ ¯ _ ] and is formed somewhat irregularly from the relative concord. There are three positions (with two forms) usually translated as Absolute pronoun: yena: bona: yena: bona: wona: yona: lona: ona: sona: tsona: yona: tsona: bona: hona: Translation: he/she: they: he/she: they: it: they: it: they: it: they: it: they: it: it Each complete word in the Sesotho language must comprise some "part of speech. verbal relative. Some examples of pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours and ourselves. The noun class determines the subject concord … A distributive pronoun considers members of a group separately, rather than collectively. Likewise, what are the 10 examples of pronoun? Pronominal possessive stems agree with the possessee. person (even if that person is included in a 1st. Absolute pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, quantitative pronouns and possessive pronouns are sub-categories of pronouns (Krüger, Except with adverbs of manner, this always gives a locative implication to the construction. They include either, neither and others. (She helps When the absolute pronoun is use pre-nominally it has the function of specifying or emphasising the noun as in the examples in (1) below; when the absolute pronoun is used after the noun it has the function of contrasting the noun, as in the examples in (2) below: (1) Function of specifying, emphasising a noun: (Northern Sotho) Bona bana ba a raloka; (Sesotho) Bona, bana ba a bapala; (isiZulu) Bona … Some use the high tone prefix ka- to form adverbs of time. [Hona/hoo ho-tshwen-tse titjhere] (Mpho agrs-leave. Will you give me your spear so that I can go spear-fishing? This page was last edited on 20 June 2020, at 19:45. In Sesotho, at least, these terms are only truly meaningful when forming simple copulatives (since adjectives assume the class prefix but relatives do not). ... connective formative before absolute pronoun”, where for example there is an option to shorten le yena ‘and him/her’ or ‘with him/her’ to naye. Indeed, it is common for a speaker to intensify the meaning of a descriptive word or verb by improvising ideophones and placing them after the word, or by simply leaving the listener to surmise the meaning from the context or accompanying action. The vowels in the stems coalesce with the vowel in the possessive concord, changing the vowel quality: Prefixing [hɑ] ha- to these stems gives [hesʊ] -heso ('of my family/community'), [henʊ] -heno ('of your family/community'), and [hɑbɔ] -habo ('of his/her family/community'). Certain other nouns which accept the suffix -ng may also take this prefix instead. Note that the subject concord does Examples: Concords are NOT pronouns. ). it / he / she (09) (absolute pronoun) - yona it being - e le it is - ke it is cold - ho a bata. the use of numbers in relation to nouns. ID: 215738 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: Pre-intermediate Age: 7-16 Main content: Absolute pronouns Other contents: pronouns Add to my workbooks (2) Download file pdf In common speech they are often simply shortened to the first syllable, and there is at least one commonly used formation where the pronoun for the first person singular is used as an enclitic. Importantly, the Sotho relative marker precedes the subject of the relative clause and agrees with the head noun. Structurally they’re a group of nominal pronouns. pronouns; (3) demonstrative pronouns; (4) qualificative pronouns; and (5) This formative leaves the stress in place, thus resulting in words with stress on the antepenultimate syllable. demonstrative pronouns in Southern Sotho (see Doke 1954, Mischke 1998 and Harford & Demuth 1999, Visser 2002 for Northern Sotho), cf. Moods. Therefore, the term "word classes" instead of the somewhat more neutral "parts of speech" would have been somewhat of a misnomer. table ( Ba tsamaya Sesotho dictionary - Bukantswe. If the book belongs to her, then it is hers. possessive. ideophone of being absolute/certain ⇒ lemediqho absolute pronoun. Relative clauses are also used with the relative concords. This illustrates that the ideophone itself is neither transitive nor intransitive, etc., and they are usually translated to English with the construction "of....". Pronouns. naha (s.9) dinaha (pl.10) - land. In common speech -le is used throughout. Adverbs. The second demonstrative signifies "that" indicating relative distance from the speaker. The first form has tone pattern [ ¯ ¯ ] and is formed by suffixing -ane to the relative concord. Sesotho word (South African orthography): o Sesotho word (Lesotho orthography): o English translation: you - singular (subject concord used pronominally) Derivative(s)/Related word(s): wena (you - second person absolute pronoun; singular) Example of usage: Wena o motswalle wa ka. Sesotho has these only for the singulars of the first and second persons and class 1(a) (third person) nouns; the other nouns and persons used the full absolute pronouns to indicate possession. The question is, what is the value of classification if it is ... - nwa for S. Sotho may be affixed to the root in the so-called first position e.g.yo/yona (This one) eo/enwa Note that any affixes attached to the pronoun do not change its form.[4]. The term "absolute possessive pronoun" is used to differentiate these pronouns with the possessive determiners "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their" (called possessive adjectives in traditional grammar).The term is needed because possessive determiners can also be classified as possessive pronouns. In Sesotho, locatives are inflected substantives and verb imperatives are treated as interjectives. that/those (yonder) 1. mo-ó. (You are my friend.) molao law … In Sesotho, there are also conjugations of the copulative using verbs ([bɑ] -ba, [lɪ] -le, and [nɑ] -na, as well as their inflected forms) giving meanings of "to become" and "to have.". quantitative pronouns. - e mobe ugly (02) (adj.) position. subject (noun) can then be chosen (SEE: Nouns & noun This adjective seems to come from the verb [fubɛlɑ] -fubela ('become red') (Proto-Bantu *-kûbid-). … yêna. Coalescence occurs again: The possessive concord with nouns is used to directly indicate the possessor. Sesotho has three basic enumeratives, divided into two types ("weak" or "strong"): The strong enumerative stems use the strong form of the enumerative concord, and the weak stems use the weak form. and 2nd. Language: english. The direct forms generally mean "to become" while the associative forms mean "to have.". The peculiar names are due to Doke. Academic disciplines Business Concepts Crime Culture Economy Education Energy Events Food and drink Geography Government Health Human behavior Humanities Knowledge Law Life Mind Objects Organizations People Philosophy Society Sports Universe World Arts Lists Glossaries. This kind of pronoun is used to This possessive concord joins two The rules may be classed into 3 categories (plain predication or zero copula, participial, past relative clause participial) and each category may be further divided into 2 groups (all persons with qualificatives and adverbs and 1st. From Proto-Polynesian *fana, from Proto-Central Pacific *vana, from Proto-Oceanic *panaq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *panaq, from Proto-Austronesian *panaq.. Noun []. one can write "Di a sebetsa." Letsoho la hae. Concords are NOT pronouns. bana bohle (all the children) The Sesotho parts of speech convey the most basic meanings and functions of the words in the language, which may be modified in largely predictable ways by affix es and other regular morphological devices. In Sesotho and isiXhosa the agreement morpheme with the same form as above in (4) may appear with a demonstrative pronoun or an absolute pronoun: (6) a. Sesotho: [Mpho o-si-il-w-e mabelong]. Here are some basic examples of possessive pronouns used in sentences: The kids are yours and mine. Ke batla bohobe bono. Although this writing system was initially critiqued by some grammarians, it has generally been accepted by Sesotho linguists probably because of its As in many other languages, compounds indicating possession (genitive compounds) may be formed by following the possessee with the possessor ("X of Y" become "X-Y" — the English equivalent is "Y's X" or "Y-X"). Abstract Meaning Representation: Academic Word List: Accentology: Affection (linguistics) Alphabet … This is an example of the cohortative mood (a form of the subjunctive), Again in the subjunctive mood, an object may be specified in all of the above forms by an objectival concord. Katse e nwa lebese. naha (s.9) dinaha (pl.10) - region. (The salesperson sells all the shoes. Nominative absolute. Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. THE COPULA A copula is a verb which … It corresponds to Bantu 1st. Adjectives. The function of these derived forms thus far has largely been ignored by Zulu grammarians, presumably because it was considered to be the same as that of the absolute pronouns. dintja tse hlano (five dogs) c. The Possessive pronoun stem, which indicates the ‘possessor’ and actually may be the absolute pronoun or the demonstrative pronoun, e.g. setulo seo, this chair. position. / your - singular) Sentence construction. What follows is only a brief overview of some points. However, the function of an adverb is always clearly distinct from that of a noun. class. Colour adjectives are a bit more numerous and indicate basic colours and animal colour patterns. indicated. Examples: There are four main types of pronouns in Sesotho: absolute, demonstrative, quantitive, and qualificative. Locatives (place). isiZulu -fuphi and diminutive -fushane, both meaning "short". (i) An absolute pronoun that occurs before a noun, has the function of specifying or emphasizing the noun, e.g. Noord-Sotholetterkunde geskryf » Get new issue alerts for South African Journal of African … c. The Possessive pronoun stem, which indicates the ‘possessor’ and actually may be the absolute pronoun or the demonstrative pronoun, e.g. Sound structure. The simple "copulative" is usually expressed without the use of verbs (in contrast to "copulas" in English); There are four types of "qualificatives" (not simply one type of "adjective") distinguished morphologically by their use of concords; "Ideophones" (a term coined by Doke specifically for Bantu linguistics), unlike most English onomatopoeias, describe verbs and "qualificatives" (just like English adverbs); many of them describe qualities and actions which produce no obvious sound (such as redness, dying, darkness, silence, disappearing into a corner, appearing alone at a height, walking quickly due to feeling cold, etc. Sesotho conjunctives may be studied from two aspects: form and function. behind-perf-pass-perf in.races. We might call the noun or pronoun starting the noun absolute the anchor noun or the anchor pronoun. and isiZulu du! [8], A more common form in the positive uses [hʊnɑlɪ] ho na le- instead of ho-. (The cat drinks milk.) Noun + Present Participle (-ing verb) The parties raised $500,000, the founder paying $400,000, the others contributing $100,000. SC indicates the subjectival concord, CB is the copulative base, RC is the relative concord, and DE is the demonstrative element. is used as a subject or object pronoun. Verbs. Superseded spelling of wóna. The majority of the examples that I present in this paper have been provided or checked by native speakers; … Thus there are two main aspects of the direct copulative conjugation, the inceptive and the stative. Examples: Conjunctives which govern the indicative mood, Conjunctives which govern the subjunctive mood, and. Sesotho has these only for the singulars of the first and second persons and class 1(a) (third person) nouns; the other nouns and persons used the full absolute pronouns to indicate possession. Preview. These copulatives generally take the place of the verb "to be" in English. Ngwana yena o robetse/ Umntwana yena ulele. It is always preceded by one of two constructions: This stem should not be confused with the adjective -ng ('some') which has a high tone and is used as a normal adjective: The other enumeratives are used regularly using the enumerative concord: -fe may also be used in a particular construction (repeated and with the conjunctive enclitic le-) to mean "any": Possessives are qualificatives used with the possessive concords. The actual meaning of a locative is determined by the verb used or the context. It just assumes the status of a pronoun when the noun is deleted. In all there are about than 35 basic tenses in the direct inceptive, and 13 in the stative. Se- se sona sona se 8. The high tone adverb na may be used to mark or emphasise questions. There is even a case of three syllabic nasals with contrasting tones pronounced with three separated air breaths (not as a very long nasal with an undulating tone) [ŋ̩ŋ̩ŋ̩] nnng [ _ ¯ _ ] ('of refusing outright'). [ʊt͡ɬʼɑn̩tʰusɑkʼɑmʊsebet͡sʼionɑkʼɑpʼɑkʼɪt͡ɬʼʊhɛlɛ hʊ'ʊbʊt͡sʼɑ], [uˌ'it͡sʼeʊ'ɑmʊt͡sʼɪbɑxɑn̩tʰɪʊneɑʀɪtʰet͡sʼɑ], [lɪɬɔkʼɑhʊpʼʊt͡ɬʼɑkʼɑhʊʀɪliˌfiɬekʼɑnɑkʼɔ], [ʊbon̩t͡sʰit͡sʼeɑsɑtʰɑbɑkɑmo'ʊɑneŋ̩ɑbu'ɑkʼɑtʼeŋ̩]. The first form has tone pattern [ _ ¯ ] and is formed by suffixing the relative concord with the vowel in the class prefix (the exception being class 1(a) using eo, due to its irregular concords, and class 9 uses ee). en It uses simple, modern language, is as uniform as possible in its renderings, conveys accurately the action or state expressed in the Hebrew and Greek verbs, and distinguishes between the plural and singular in its use of the pronoun “you” and when using the imperative form of the verb where the context does not make it apparent. (Older brother wants to drive my car.). In Sesotho, all the other numbers are relatives derived from verbs indicating gestures (e.g. … prefix. Often when using ideophones in speech, the speaker may accompany the utterance with an action (indeed, with the ideophone mpf "of being finished completely" the action — running ones index finger very close in front of the lips — is necessary to pronounce the word properly). this/these. The second form has tone pattern [ ¯ ¯ ] and suffixes -no to the relative concord. Conjunctives introduce or join up sentences. - e mebe ugly (05) (adj.) In the Bantu languages ideophones form a distinct part of speech, which resembles to a certain extent the adverb in function, but unlike which it may (in some languages) be used as a predicate. Absolute pronouns Practise absolute pronouns!!! ; bow Taku wena … Sotho culture - Sesotho Sotho language - Sesotho soul - moya (s.3) meya (pl.4) sound - modumo (s.3) medumo (pl.4) soup ( O thusa mme. Non-influencing conjunctives which don't affect the grammatical mood of the succeeding predicate. Apart from certain locative formations with a temporal implication, many nouns and seemingly radical adverbs may be used as adverbs of time.

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